Have national smoking bans worked in reducing harms in passive smoking? This was the question whose answer some researchers led Cecily Kelleher under the Cochrane Library, set out to find in a new review that has been published in Issue 1 of the Cochrane Library, 2016.
The most robust evidence yet, published in the Cochrane Library, suggests that national smoking legislation does reduce the harms of passive smoking, and particularly risks from heart disease.
The updated Cochrane review containing more up-to-date research found that countries who imposed smoking bans found their populations benefited from reduced exposure to passive smoke, specifically cardiovascular disease.
Since the first national legislation banning indoor smoking in all public places was introduced in 2004 in Ireland, there has been an increase in the number of countries, states and regions adopting similar smoke-free legislation banning smoking in public places and work places since this review was first published in 2010.
The main reason for this was to protect non-smokers from the harmful health effects of exposure to second hand smoke. Another reason was to provide a supportive environment for people who want to stop smoking.
But, sadly it is not so in Nigeria, according to findings. Although, smoking is prohibited in public places in Nigeria, it is only punishable by a fine of not less than N200 and not exceeding N1,000 or to imprisonment to a term of not less than one month and not exceeding two years or to both a fine and imprisonment.
Civil society groups, public health advocates, legal practitioners see this as too weak to deter smokers. They rather welcome the yet-to-be passed National Tobacco Control Bill, NTCB 2009. The Nigeria National Tobacco Control Bill is a comprehensive law which when passed will regulate the manufacturing, advertising distribution and consumption of tobacco products in Nigeria.
Only Lagos State in 2014 passed a law banning smoking in public places.
Tobacco is the second major cause of mortality in the world, and currently responsible for the death of about one in ten adults worldwide. Measures to control the demand for and supply of tobacco products, as well as to protect public health, have been demanded by the World Health Organization.
Cigarette smoking is identified as one the greatest public health disasters of the 20th century, with over 20 million attributable deaths.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that six million people die every year from tobacco-related diseases; while additional 600,000 people die from the effects of passive smoking.
A team of Irish researchers funded by the Health Research Board, Ireland included 77 studies from populations of 21 countries around the world into this updated Cochrane Review, including the US, UK, Canada and Spain.
The previous review examined how smoking legislation had reduced smoke in public places, these new included studies looked at more robust evidence into the effects of passive smoking, and the associated health risks including heart disease.
Researchers found that of the 44 observational studies which specifically assessed cardiovascular disease, 33 of these studies reported evidence of a significant reduction in heart disease following the introduction of these bans.
Researchers also found that the greatest reduction in admissions for heart disease following smoking legislation were identified in populations of non-smokers.
Review author, Cecily Kelleher, a professor from the University College, Dublin, said: “The current evidence provides more robust support for the previous conclusions that the introduction of national legislative smoking bans does lead to improved health outcomes through a reduction in second hand smoke exposure for countries and their populations.
“We now need research on the continued longer-term impact of smoking bans on the health outcomes of specific sub-groups of the population, such as young children, disadvantaged and minority groups.”
